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Table 1 Formulation and proximate composition of experimental diets (g kg−1 dry weight)

From: Effects of replacing fish oil with palm oil in diets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on muscle biochemical composition, enzyme activities, and mRNA expression of growth-related genes

Ingredients

Experimental diets

PO 0

PO 25

PO 50

PO 75

PO 100

Fish meal*

60

60

60

60

60

Soybean meal*

300

300

300

300

300

Wheat meal*

225

225

225

225

225

Rapeseed meal*

300

300

300

300

300

Fish oil*

60

45

30

15

0

Palm oil*

0

15

30

45

60

Soybean phospholipid*

25

25

25

25

25

Mineral mix**

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

Vitamin mix***

4

4

4

4

4

Ca(H2PO4)

15

15

15

15

15

Choline chloride

5

5

5

5

5

Inositol

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Proximate composition

 Moisture (g/kg)

103

105.3

108.2

107

105

 Crude protein (dry mass)

331.8

331.5

330.9

332.3

331.7

 Lipid (g/kg)(dry mass)

98.2

98.1

98.7

98.8

98.5

 Ash (g/kg)(dry mass)

52.5

56

55.3

54

55

  1. *Fish meal, soybean meal, wheat meal, soybean phospholipase, palm oil, vitamin premix, mineral mix, and Ca(H2PO4) were supplied by Nonghao Feed Company (Shanghai, China)
  2. **Mineral mix (mg kg−1 dry diet): Cu (CuSO4), 2.0; Zn (ZnSO4), 34.4; Mn (MnSO4), 6.2; Fe (FeSO4), 21.1; I (Ca (IO3)2), 1.63; Se (Na2SeO3), 0.18; Co (CoCl2), 0.24; Mg (MgSO4.H2O), 52.7
  3. ***Vitamin premix (IU or mg kg−1 diet): vitamin A, 16,000 IU; vitamin D, 8000 IU; vitamin K, 14.72; thiamin, 17.8; riboflavin, 48; pyridoxine, 29.52; cynocobalamine, 0.24; tocopherols acetate, 160; ascorbic acid (35%), 800; niacinamide, 79.2; calcium-D-pantothenate,73.6; folic acid, 6.4; biotin, 0.64; L-carnitine, 100